Tuesday, May 26, 2020

Interpretation of Where Are You Going, Where Have You...

Joyce Carol Oatess â€Å"Where are you going, Where have you been?† tells the story of a young girls journey to find her own identity. Along the way she uses her beauty and sexuality to create, in her mind, a feeling of maturity which ultimately becomes her downfall. She believes that by spending her summer days in the mall, dressing in a way that is different than what she would wear at home, and flirting with older boys, while finding pleasure in ignoring boys she knows, she is being her own person and is creating her own identity—one that is different from that of her mothers or sisters. It is not until the end of the story, when Arnold Friend comes into her house, that she begins to realize what is truly important. The title of the†¦show more content†¦As someone who was very pretty in her own youth, but then had to grow up, she knew that beauty fades and it is not what is truly important in life. It seems as though the mother wants Connie to understand that as well, but does not know how to convey her message and so it comes out in other ways. â€Å" Stop gawking at yourself. Who are you? You think youre so pretty?[...] Why dont you keep your room clean like your sister? Howve you got your hair fixed—what the hell stinks? Hair spray? You dont see your sister using that junk.† (Oates) She always compared Connie to her sister, June. June is described as â€Å" twenty-four and still lived at home[...] she was so plain and chunky and steady that Connie had to hear her praised all the time by her mother and her mothers sisters. June did this, June did that, she saved money and helped clean the house and cooked and Connie couldnt do a thing, her mind was all filled with trashy daydreams.†(Oates) The two sisters got along with each other on some days, but mostly they seemed to resent each other. Even when her mother compared the two of them, Connie believed that â€Å" her mother preferred her to June just bec ause she was prettier† (Oates) While there was not any indication that his was true, the way that Connies motherShow MoreRelated Joyce Carol Oates Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?1539 Words   |  7 PagesJoyce Carol Oates Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Joyce Carol Oates was born in 1938 in Lockport, New York. She started writing very young and that the age of fifteen she submitted her first novel, but it was rejected for being too dark;. This style of writing is common on many of her works including Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?; Oates graduated from Syracuse University and then went on to get her masters degree from the University of Wisconsin. Oates turnedRead MoreWho Is Arnold Friend?1591 Words   |  7 PagesWho is Arnold Friend? Joyce Carol Oates was born June 16, 1938 in Lockport New York. At a young age Oates started writing. Scenes from her early environment are frequently used as settings in her stories. In her elementary years she wrote stories and â€Å"constructed 200 page books, which she designed and bound herself† (Helterman and Layman 371). The lack of information provided about her early years and her making large books at a young age is a good indication that she was an outcast and had a troubledRead More An Analysis of Joyce Carol Oates’ Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been1902 Words   |  8 PagesAn Analysis of Joyce Carol Oates’ Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been Joyce Carol Oates is one of the most productive writers of our time. Between 1971-95, Oates published twenty-five novels, eighteen short story compilations, three collections of novellas, five volumes of poetry, six editions of plays, eight books of essays, and countless more umcollected works (Kellman 487). As the format for her writing varies, so does her subject matter. Her creations cover a wide range of genresRead MoreSmooth Talk Essay1096 Words   |  5 PagesGiving Justice to the Original: Smooth Talk and Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? Ideas for the story lines of many motion pictures get their inspiration from other works of writing often. Books are usually a main source of inspiration for movies, for instance, the movie Smooth Talk was based off of Joyce Carol Oates’ short story Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?. Most of the time however, you hear that the movie did not give justice to the book. Smooth Talk is an exceptionRead MoreWhere are you Going? Where Have you Been? by Joyce Carol Oates1100 Words   |  5 PagesWhere Are You Going, Where have you been? is a short story written by Joyce Carol Oates. The 75 year old American author and professor at Princeton University, introduce the story of 15 year old Connie who is rebelling against her mother’s whishes. A very arrogant and selfish girl that in her world the only thing that matters is how many heads she can turn when walking into a room. Through the story life gives her a test, to confront Arnold Friend, the antagonist of the sto ry; who possesses a nefariousRead MoreWhere Are You Going, Where Have You Been By Joyce Carol Oates990 Words   |  4 PagesSocial Reality: An Analysis of â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been† by Joyce Carol Oates Joyce Carol Oates has kept her true inspiration behind â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been† in order to create a willing suspension of disbelief between realism and fantasy. The short story by Oates was released soon after the newspaper published the murders committed by Charles Schmid Jr. in 1966. The story displays numerous resembling details that match the real-life murder case involving â€Å"TheRead MoreWhere Are You Going, Where Have You Been?723 Words   |  3 PagesPsycho, Demon, Dreams, Oh My! â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?† by Joyce Carol Oates is a short story about a 15-year old girl named Connie that falls in the trap of Arnold Friend. There are many interpretations to this short story, and many arguments have fought back and forth to find out the true inside meaning to find out what the reason was for Joyce Carol Oates to write this story. There are hundreds of analyses for this story out there, but I am going to just be talking about three;Read MoreComparison of Smooth Talk to â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?†1028 Words   |  5 PagesComparison of Smooth Talk to â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?† Joyce Carol Oakes’s short story, â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?† was written in 1966 and twenty years later was made into a movie entitled Smooth Talk, winner of the 1985 U.S. Film Festival for best dramatic picture. The writing by Oates is loosely based on a true story described as â€Å"the tale of Charles Schmid, a twenty-three-year-old who cruises teenage hangouts, picking up girls for rides in his gold convertible†Read MoreVerbal Irony In Harry Potter1711 Words   |  7 Pagesaudience’s interpretations of events and dialogue, enticing the audience with its consequential suspense and humor. Authors create situations where the audience know more about events and what caused them, creating a different significance to the reader than it has to other characters and the story. Lastly, verbal irony is when speaker says something contradictory to their underlying emotions and actions. All of these are evident in Joyce Carol Oates’ wri ting. In the famous â€Å"Where Are You Going, WhereRead MoreArnold as the Devil in Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?513 Words   |  3 PagesInterpretation of Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? The story Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? by Joyce Carol Oates is about a fifteen year old girl named Connie who has a strange encounter with a man named Arnold Friend. I agree with Joyce M. Wegs interpretation of the story, that Arnold is symbolic of Satan. Connie first encounters Arnold in a parking lot while she is out with her friends, but she does not yet know who he is. She notices him standing near his car, a gold

Tuesday, May 19, 2020

What Ways Can Teachers Help A New Student Adjust The...

1. In what ways can teachers help a new student adjust to the classroom? 1. By being sensitive to the new students needs and have a welcoming environment or atmosphere. 2. The teacher should conduct informal assessments to determine the student’s abilities as soon as possible on every academic level. 3. Provide extra attention and support until student adjusts to the routines and demands in classroom as well as helping the student develop new friendship to replace lost friendships due to relocating. 4. Teachers can also provide child level or appropriate reading literature on moving, separation, and divorce that can open discussion about the difficulties of these situations can cause within a student’s life. (Grant and Ray, 2013, p. 132) 2. What are some key principles teachers should keep in mind when working with families who are going through separation and divorce? 1. Notice changes in child’s schoolwork and behavior, keep parents notify of changes. 2. Make you send newsletters or notes home to parents. Do not relay messages to through students. 3. Give students the chance to express his or her feelings buy letting them talk. Do not question or quiz them about family situations. Allow them to express their feelings in an acceptable way. 4. When it comes to child’s extracurricular activities and schooling encourage noncustodial parents to remain active. 5. Seek professional help from school social worker or counselor if child displays serious affect.Show MoreRelatedChristian Teachers Should Teach Based on Christian Principles and Beliefs1626 Words   |  7 Pages I believe that it is important for all teachers, but especially Christian teachers, to have and to operate within their personal educational philosophy. Knight (2006) states â€Å"Christian educators must come to see their educational systems as unified endeavors built upon a foundation of Christian philosophy† p. 164. Today, in most public schools, Christian principles are being left out, and it is important that we find ways to lead our students to truth. My personal philosophy is based upon MatthewRead MoreDifferent Methods of Teaching Essay1087 Words   |  5 Pagesmethod of teaching (*). Some teachers are now trying a new method that is slowly gaining popularity called the flipped classroom (Goodwin and Miller 78). The flipped classroom is one form of diffe rentiated instruction. Differentiated instruction individualizes education for each student (Bolin and Garcia). The flipped classroom model was created to accommodate the busy lives of students (Bergmann and Sams 2). The flipped classroom does not look the same in every classroom, but it is essentially theRead MoreThe Values Of Teaching, Education And The Importance Of Education950 Words   |  4 Pages and encourages a healthy value system. Education helps one to appreciate other cultures and embrace diversity. It promotes confidence and respect for self and others. An education broadens your horizons and gives us perspective on world views. It helps an individual to think rationally, be creative, and improve the world through new innovations. An individual gains leadership skills, knowledge about himself and others. Education can help a person achieve goals become productive and successfulRead MoreThe Importance Of A Goal For Teachers1702 Words   |  7 PagesA goal for t eachers, is to help students become self-motivated. By the end of a students education we hope that they are self- motived. This includes students knowing their strengths and weakness. It’s not just knowing them but also knowing how to use them to help them be the best them they can be. Mrs. Ness talked about always encouraging her students. She knows that some students best work is a C, while others may be an A. She gives the students credit and verbal encouragement when they do wellRead MoreTeaching Students : The Basal Reading Approach, And Technology Based Approach821 Words   |  4 Pagesapproaches teaching students to read, such as: the basal reading approach, literature based instruction approach, integrated language art approach, language instruction approach, and technology based approach. Which approach or combination of them a teacher will use in the classroom depends on the teacher’s beliefs and students’ needs. It is not easy to find out which appr oach would work best for each child; the teacher’s responsibility is to find alternative approaches to help each child reach theRead MoreCommon Core Is A Hassle Throughout The Nation1717 Words   |  7 Pagesmeans introducing new, more complex assessment state wide in schools. Common Core implements more rigorous standards, even though students are already having trouble with previous standards. Common Core state standards are an attempt to make American schools compete with the best education systems worldwide (Avoid). Implementing the use of more technology, incorporating more critical thinking questions, and having to apply the knowledge to tasks in the tests shows a change students aren’t ready forRead MoreThe Roles Of Teachers Teachers1584 Words   |  7 PagesThe roles of teachers I believe teachers play multiple roles that extend beyond the classroom. They take classes continuously, attend professional development sessions, and research new approaches to learning on their own time. These are done with the purpose of expanding their knowledge in teaching and to ensure that the school day runs smoothly for the entire class. For example, Mrs. Shuffield spend her breaks researching videos to enhance her writing and science lessons. This week, she presentedRead MoreEffective Teaching And Learning Strategies Essay1428 Words   |  6 Pages Marzano’s Effective Teaching and Learning Strategies Effective schools make a big difference in student achievement. Effective leadership makes a positive difference, too. Effective teachers, however, directly impact student learning and achievement. It’s been shown that teachers who have a large repertoire of effective instructional strategies teach differently (Tyson).They’re more intentional in their objectives, strategies, and intended outcomes. And, have better results. Robert Marzano, an educationalRead MoreDifferentiated Instruction Paper1664 Words   |  7 Pages Differentiated instruction is a process to approach teaching and learning for students with differing abilities in the same class. The intent of differentiating instruction is to maximize each student’s growth and individual success by meeting each student where he or she is assisting in the learning process (Polloway, Patton, and Serna, 2005). It’s an individualized instructional method. It is used to help students with diverse needs learn using a general curriculum. There are several approachesRead MoreCase Study 3 Essay1206 Words   |  5 Pagesmajority of these immigrant students are subsequently placed in English as a Second Language (ESL) courses due to their low skill level in the English language. Have ESL students in the classroom certainly raises more questions than it does answers, as teachers are faced with various new situations in helping ESL students better understand not only the English language, but the English culture as well. Another difficulty that is faced is exactly what methods teachers need to be implementing in their

Friday, May 15, 2020

Nutrition and Fitness Essay - 911 Words

Nutrition and fitness play two of the most important roles in human health, and it is not difficult to understand some of the consequences for ignoring their significance. Ignoring proper nutritional and fitness habits can lead to extreme health risks such as obesity; most of which will eventually cause serious health issues up to and including death. To decrease these serious health risks and promote favorable personal health, one should incorporate positive nutritional and fitness habits. The food that we put into our bodies is one of the most vital aspects of promoting good health because it acts as our personal fuel. If the food we consume contains mostly empty calories and few nutrients, our bodies’ performance levels will be†¦show more content†¦Obesity is associated with a vast number of health problems. It is often looked at as just a severe cosmetic problem. In actuality, in addition to being cosmetic, obesity is one of the leading causes of major health issues in the United States. According to medical news today, obesity is a key risk factor for several conditions and diseases including high blood pressure, high cholesterol, heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, several types of cancers, gallbladder disease and gall stones, osteoarthritis, gout, and breathing problems including asthma and sleep apnea. These health factors have also been liked to premature deaths in obese people. Someone who is 40% obese is two times more likely to die prematurely than a normal-weight person (Cholesterol Management Health Center, 2011). Though obesity is a major concern in our American society, it is a manageable and even preventable disease. Through proper fitness and dietary habits one can overcome and completely avoid the wrath of obesity. The Human body was designed for movement; to serve as a vehicle to transport us from place to place. To fuel this vehicle, a balanced diet is critical. Ideally, our bodies need a suitable balance of carbohydrates. If enough carbohydrates are not present, fats and proteins can be broken down to provide energy to our bodies. In my personal diet I tend to incorporate a lot of foods that are high in carbohydrates. I tend to eat large amounts of pasta whichShow MoreRelatedFitness and Nutrition Paper853 Words   |  4 PagesFitness and Nutrition Paper University of Phoenix Paradigms of Health / SCI 100 Fitness and Nutrition Paper Fitness and nutritional habits should be more enforced in today’s society; especially in the United States. The general public as a whole is less healthy the prior days. People are not as active, make poor eating choices, are indoors more often and always on the run. This is the results to an unhealthy culture. By changing our day to day habits by incorporating healthy meal planningRead MoreNutrition and Fitness Paper787 Words   |  4 Pages Nutrition and Fitness Paper SCI/100 PARADIGMS OF HEALTH Start Date: July 27, 2010 Instructor: Dr. Kathy Ebener By: Brooklyn Hernandez My current fitness is what I would consider to be average. I work a forty hour work week like most average Americans. My job keeps me moving a lot, and home life keeps me on my toes even more. I have two toddlers that I have to run behind on a daily basis. Nutritious habits, isn’t my area of expertise. I love food, and even joke that I have a fat kid that livesRead MorePhysical Fitness and Nutrition Worksheet854 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿University of Phoenix Material Physical Fitness and Nutrition Worksheet To obtain optimal health, it is critical to be physically fit and eat a healthy and balanced diet. Becoming knowledgeable about what it means to be physically fit and learning how to evaluate the nutritional value of what you eat may greatly increase your ability to improve your health and wellness. In this three-part worksheet, you identify the five components of health-related fitness, critique a recipe for nutritional valueRead MorePhysical Fitness and Nutrition Worksheet Essay826 Words   |  4 PagesAssociate Level Material Physical Fitness and Nutrition Worksheet In order to obtain optimal health, it is critical to be physically fit and eat a healthy and balanced diet. Becoming knowledgeable about what it means to be physically fit and learning how to evaluate the nutritional value of what you eat may greatly increase your ability to improve your health and wellness. In this three-part worksheet, you identify the five components of health related fitness, critique a recipe for nutritionalRead MoreEssay on Fitness and Nutrition to Achieve the Best Body1122 Words   |  5 PagesFitness and Nutrition Many people nowadays looking at themselves in the mirror are upset with what they see. Too much fat, or to much skin, not enough muscle. All are factors of improper nutrition. The twenty-first century, fitness has become more and more important to people in this society. Obesity rates are increasing and people are now starting to realize things need to change. Most people think that the gym will solve these issues. This is incorrect; the most important part of getting theRead MoreNutrition Is Essential Component Of Physical Fitness And Performance1012 Words   |  5 PagesNutrition is vital component of physical fitness and performance. Eating balanced diet is very important in health, as our bodies need essentials nutrition to live, grow and function properly. However, are there any additional supplements needed for people who engages in physical activities more than the others? In the past decades, many workout supplementation has gained vast majority of popularity among young m ales who attempts to enhance their strength and physical performances. Performance supplementsRead MoreThe Importance Of Proper Nutrition For General Health And Fitness Goals1025 Words   |  5 PagesImportance of Proper Nutrition to General Health Fitness Goals With the obesity rate in America exceeding 50 percent — including adults and minors — an urgency has been created for people to become fit. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention released numbers that reveal that more than two-thirds of the nation’s population is either overweight or obese — with there being more people who are obese than those who are overweight. As people engage the process of improving their fitness level, it isRead MoreGeneral Knowledge Nutrition On Male Fitness And Muscle Model2868 Words   |  12 PagesAbstract Context: Little is known about the general nutrition knowledge of male fitness and muscle World beauty fashion and fitness models, and the sources they use to augment that knowledge base. Understanding the level of nutrition knowledge in this group of athletes will better inform the dietetic community of this group of individuals. Purpose: To evaluate the general nutrition knowledge Methods: Results: The athletes scored section A: 79%, section B: 87%, section C: 77%, section D: 66%. ARead MoreNutrition and Fitness in Controlling Diabetes and Maintaining a Healthy Weight1274 Words   |  6 PagesThe purpose of this paper is to provide information about nutrition and exercise in respect to the effects these two issues have on the maintenance of homeostasis of the body. For example, this student participated in a three week exercise, in which she set nutrition and exercise goals to restore and improve her overall health and homeostasis. Her goals included a dietary goal of eating three healthy meals a day rather than one meal and snacking on junk foods the rest of the time. In addition, setRead MoreEssay on Bus 475 Week 2 Individual1692 Words   |  7 PagesBody Fitness Body Fitness is a new state of the art fitness facility coming to the valley that will offer the finest workout equipment, intense one-on-one personal training, proper supplemental nutrition plans, and strategic planning for a patient’s course of action to get in shape. Each fitness facility will offer the essential wide range of work out equipment and will be staffed to accommodate clients from high school age to retirement. Clients will consist of the average high school student

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

The Homelessness Australia Is Described As A Developed...

ypothesis: Australia is described as a developed nation. Homelessness a rising problem that is occurring in Australia. St Vincent De Paul is a Catholic organization that lives out the Gospel message and offers a hand to people in need. Vinnie’s have recognised homelessness as an issue that we need to address and we as a community need to work to shape a more just and compassionate society. 1. What is homelessness? There is no specific definition for homelessness, but it is a growing problem that goes much further than just not having a home or living in a safe shelter. It goes beyond that. There are three different categories that homeless people are put in: Primary homelessness is experienced by people who don’t have accommodation (e.g. deserted buildings, cars, under bridges).Secondary homelessness is experienced by people who move from shelter to shelter which includes living with friends or relatives. Tertiary homelessness is experienced by people staying in accommodation without their own bathroom or kitchen. 2. Methodology This report examines the work of St Vincent De Paul and one of the social justice issues it addresses, which is homelessness. In researching this social justice issue and compiling the information a range of sources were used including text, internet and peoples’ personal annotates ( if applicable). These sources included the information the organisation provided and objective sources such as the Australian Government bureau of statistics (Show MoreRelatedDisability As Defined By The Act1967 Words   |  8 Pagesdisabilities. (Mohapatra, 2004);. (Gill, 2009); tom and jerry Shakespeare’s Section helped over regarding the. Methodologies Furthermore models about disability (Shakespeare, 1996). Those medicinal model. Furthermore social model of handicap was described comprehensively Toward a few. Reports (The open University, 2006 a); (The open University, 2006 b). (Wasserman, Asch, Blustein, Putnam, 2011). The performance being like those bigger part though overlook people with disabilities will be significantRead MoreA Brief Note On Gender And Climate Change3247 Words   |  13 Pagesthe United Nations Commission. Climate change causes widespread food and water insecurity, negative health and welfare issues, including higher mortality rates, increasing malnourishment and an increase in climate-related health consequences according to (FAO, 2007; McMichael, 2003.) It has also led to widespread social movements of people within and across national borders escaping food and water insecurity (Nampinga, 2008). Research also shows that climate change is also described as the biggestRead MoreTony Fernandes6380 Words   |  26 Pagesmyriad costs of public supports for people facing barriers, sufficiency for those it employs. * Public safety – it makes the community in which it operates safer by disrupting cycles of poverty, crime, incarceration, chemical dependency, and homelessness. * Economic opportunity – it improves our pool of human capital and creates job in communities in need of economic renewal. * Social justice – it gives a chance to those most in need. Yet, almost magically, social enterprises produce theseRead MoreBritish Culture11529 Words   |  47 Pages‘UK’ The adjective used in this context is ‘British’. 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According to the Journal of Child Abuse and Neglect, child abuse is any recent act or failure toRead MoreHealth Care Policy10795 Words   |  44 Pagesfour Americans under the age of 65, nearly 56 million people, will be without health care insurance because coverage will be too expensive (CQ Health beat News, 2005). The United States spends more money on health care than other industrialized nations but is the only one that doesn’t ensure health care coverage for all citizens. Every year, approximately 18,000 unnecessary deaths occur because of health insurance lacking in the United States, (Institute of Medicine [IOM], 2002). Proponents ofRead MoreInnovators Dna84615 Words   |  339 Pagescontest based on past performance. Indeed, do General Electric, Sony, Toyota, and BMW deserve to be on the list of most innovative companies today? Or are they simply there because they have been successful in the past? To answer these questions, we developed our own list of innovative companies based on current innovation prowess (and expectations of future innovations). How did we do this? We thought the best way was to see whether investors—voting with their wallets—could give us insight into whichRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesand research and the organizational realm of effective practice, and to help students consistently translate proven principles from both realms into personal practice. To accomplish these goals we formulated a five-step â€Å"active† learning model, described in the Introduction. Based on the positive feedback we’ve received from teachers and students we can state with confidence that the form of active learning pioneered in this book is a proven pedagogy for management skill mastery. Tips for Getting

Globalization And The Development Of Transnational...

Globalisation has led to the development of transnational corporations. Nestle exemplifies a transnational corporation established through globalisation, in both developed and developing countries, maximising resources and facilities to further the growth of the company. Globalisation has opened up borders between all continents. Transnational companies, such as Nestle, have thus required cheaper labour, to successfully obtain resources and remain competitive. Furthermore the extent to which transnational corporations like Nestlà © reach geographically, gives the company influence, impacting different communities financially and socially. Interaction and integration among people and companies, driven by trade and investment is globalisation. Many companies in the world today have grown to become large, multinational companies by establishing facilities globally. An example of this is Nestle’s establishment of facilities in 85 countries, with 436 factories, in every continent globally. Companies need to source raw materials and produce products competitively. This has led companies such as Nestle, to set up factories to be able to produce products and sell them without having to export, seen in the way fresh milk is collected in China and India, and distributed from factories in China and India. It has also led to transnational companies using labour in developing countries, where wages and the cost of living is low, to reduce their operational costs. Nestle buy many productsShow MoreRelatedGlobalization : The Globalization Story1361 Words   |  6 PagesThe Globalization Story Most portrayals of globalization emphasize a natural and progressive view of increased international integration as a result of developments in transport and communication. As this occurs, it is important to remember that such integration is part of the larger historical process of industrialization and, like industrialization, globalization is the product of choices made by powerful actors. 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In this way, it becomes easy to spur development due to the opening up of states for trade and other exchanges in the politicalRead MoreMultinational Companies1071 Words   |  5 PagesMain body contains:- * Description about how multinational corporations give employment and remove poverty. * Role of these companies in enhancing local economies. * Its impact on globalization. 3. Conclusion- about how multinational corporations are beneficial to the world. INTRODUCTION Multinational companies have brought revolution in the world. Their role is very significant in our lives. The multinational corporation is defined as an association or organization which provides

The Effects Of Aristotelian Teleological Thought O Essay Example For Students

The Effects Of Aristotelian Teleological Thought O Essay n Darwins MechanistThe Effects of Aristotelian Teleological Thought on Darwins Mechanistic Views ofEvolutionJordan HoffmanThe need to understand organisms has been a much sought goal ofscience since its birth as biology. History shows Aristotle and Charles Darwinas two of the most powerful biologists of all time. Aristotles teleologicalmethod was supported widely for over 2,000 years. One scientist remarks thatthe Aristotelian teleology has been the ghost, the unexplained mystery whichhas haunted biology through its whole history (Ayala, 10). If Aristotlesapproach has frightened biology, then Darwin, who actually nicknamed himselfthe Devils Chaplain, and his idea of natural selection has virtually dissectedAristotles ghost. While Aristotle explained biology through a plan and apurpose, Darwin debated that randomness and chaos are responsible for theorganic world as we know it. Guiseppe Montalenti, an Italian geneticist andphilosopher of biology, wrote that Darwins ideas were a rebell ion againstthought in the Aristotelian-scholastic way (Ayala, 4). In order tounderstand how Darwinism can be considered a revolt against Aristotle, we mustfirst inspect Aristotles ideas and thoughts about biology. Aristotle used teleology to explain the harmony and final results of theearth. Teleology is the study of the purpose of nature. Aristotle believedthat scientists should follow the plan adopted by mathematicians in theirdemonstrations of astronomy, and after weighing the phenomena presented byanimals, and their several parts, follow consequently to understand the causesand the end results. Using this method, Aristotle constructed causes for bodyparts and processes of the human body, such as sundry types of teeth. Aristotle elucidated on this topic: When we have ascertained the thingsexistence we inquire as to its naturewhen we know the fact we ask the reason(Evans, 82). Despite Aristotles frequent teleological explanations, he did warnagainst teleology leading to misinterpretations of facts. In a short writing onthe reproduction of bees in Generation of Animals, Aristotle was troubled thatthere were insufficient observations on the subject, and warns that his theoryis dependent on facts supporting the theory. One twentieth century biologistbelieves that Aristotle did not often enough follow his own advice. Ayalaprinted that Aristotles error was not that he used teleological explanationsin biology, but that he extended the concept of teleology to the non-livingworld.(56)Some biologists say Aristotle used teleology so often because order andpurpose, both in the universe and life, were immensely important to him. Aristotle thought it was both ridiculous and impossible that chance, which isnot linked with order, could be used to explain occurrences in biology. In oneof his writings, he criticized Empedocles for the use of chance to describebiology. Aristotle believed that Empedocles, then, was in error when he saidthat many of the characters presented by animals were only the results ofincidental occurrences during their evolutionary growth. As a vitalist, Aristotles philosophy also had a powerful influenceon what he wrote. His beliefs are described in On the Soul and On theGeneration of Animals. These thoughts can be epitomized into four main areasof Aristotles vitalistic belief:1. He connects the life of an organism with its psyche. 2. He finds purposefulness and organic unity as the most significant sectionsof vitalism. 3. He debates that the entire body, rather than the parts, should be taken intoaccount. 4. He emphasizes the soul as the final goal. Looking at these four traditions, it is not shocking that Aristotle thought thatsingle limbs, such as an arm, was a good description of organisms. This couldbe compared to a house being called bricks and mortar. Rather than concentrateon individual variability and individual pieces, Aristotle believed that it wasproper to concentrate on the final cause of the entire entity. Aristotleaccepted that the soul was probably the final cause, and his Parts of Animalssays now it may be that the form of any living creature is soul, or some partof soul, or something that involves soul. Aristotles ideas and traditions continued on their path long after hisphysical shell passed away. In the 12th and 13th century, Aristotlesphilosophy was re-founded and incorporated into Christian philosophy by St. Thomas Aquinas. During the Renaissance, when the earth was discovered to nolonger be the center of the universe, Aristotles astronomical systems brokedown, but his biological theories remained intact. This does not mean allpeople accepted Aristotles theories during the Renaissance, however. Onephilosopher from the twentieth century, Mayr, accuses Aristotles teleology ofthe non-organic world for the refutation of Aristotle by Descartes and Bacon. Both of these men criticized the existence of a form-giving, finalisticprinciple in the universe and believed this rejection demanded the removal ofall teleological useseven biology (Mayr, 38). The Great Gatsby Argumentative EssayHowever much confused about teleology, Darwin did not think the worldshould be explained in terms of its purpose in the universe. Once, Darwin askedthe question, What would the astronomer say to the doctrine that the planetsmoved not according to the laws of gravitation, but from the creator havingwilled each separate planet to move in its particular orbit? (Burrow, 48). Darwin is referring to the breakdown between astronomy and religion, physics andchemistry that happened during the Renaissance period. Darwin suggested theinclusion of biology as a hard science so that other sciences like physics andchemistry would not be unfairly built on the organization of knowledge, based ontestable, working hypotheses. The theory of evolution was not formed by Darwin. Ideas of manprogressing from smaller life existed even in Ancient Greece. Empedoclesevolution theory involved the coming together of limbs, while Xenophanesthought that humans came into existence from earth and water. Darwinsbeginning to the Origin of the Species is mostly a listing of antecedents tophilosophers of evolution, and what views they held. One of these predecessorswas Darwins grandfather, Eramus Darwin. Why Charles Darwin was more powerful than the other evolutionaryscientists was his theory of natural selection as the vehicle of evolution. Darwin credits the inspiration of his natural selection theory to reading T.R. Malthus Essay on Population (1798). In this essay, Malthus tried to show anequilibrium viewpointunless checked by famine, disease or voluntary restraint,population growth will outrun food supply. Darwins theory was finished by thetime he wrote the sketch of 1842 but he did not release it for twenty yearsbecause he wanted to produce a large work with both his own evidence for hisideas, and evidence of other naturalists (Ospovat, 1). Darwin was made topublish his own theory earlier than planned, when he learned that anothernaturalist was planning to publish a similar one. (Coincidentally, the othernaturalist, Alfred Wallace, was inspired by the same essay). Darwins theory completely changed biological philosophy. With histheory came the recognition that the self(individual) is the most vital unit ofbiological change, and that this polymorph happens due to total chance. In histheory, Charles Darwin suggested that there is a Struggle for existence. Thisstruggle was later put into use for support within several arguments. BritishImperialists attempted to rationalize their operations by arguing that Darwinismsuggested the strong must overpower the weak. In the late 19th century,Passionate Nationalism caused members of each nationality to trust that theirnation was the most powerful. And, in the early 20th century, Hitler and otherNazi party members used Darwins work to suggest the biological necessity forwar and survival of the fittestIn this case, Hitler was referring to the Aryans. Such controversies could not be upheld using biological ideas ofAristotle, since his conception of species included the abstraction that allindividuals were alike. Distinct differences, like eye color, areinconsequential because they are not promoted by a conclusive objective. However, individual contrarieties are the cornerstone of evolution throughnatural selection. Without these differences, evolution could not come to pass. For this reason, individuality is seen by biologists as the most meaningfultrait of biological organisms. A few scientists try to describe evolutionteleologically. This proof, of course, is not possible, as evolution throughnatural selection cannot be described as goal-oriented since it happens due toprevious events or transformations, not in anticipation of coming events. If wewere goal-oriented, natural selection would not be supple enough to be useful inrapidly changing environments (Mayr, 43). ReferencesAristotle. The Works of Aristotle, Encyclopedia Britannica. New York, 1952Ayala, F.J. and Tobzharsky, T. Studies in the Philosophy of Biology. University of California Press. Berkeley and Los Angeles. 1974. Burrow, John. Editor introduction to Charles Darwins Origin of the SpeciesPenguin books. England, 1968. Evans, G. The Physical Philosophy of Aristotle. University of New MexicoPress. Albuquerque, 1964. Kirk, G., Raven, J. and Schofield, M. The Presocratic Philosophers. CambridgeUniversity Press. Cambridge. 1983. Mayr, Ernst. Toward a New Philosophy of Biology. Harvard University Press. 1988. Moore, Ruth. Evolution. Time-life books. Alexandria, Virginia. 1980. Simpson, George The Meaning of Evolution. Yale University Press. New Havenand London. 1949.

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Short Summary of Vietnam Essay Example For Students

Short Summary of Vietnam Essay Vietnam was a struggle which, in all honesty, the United States should never have been involved in. North Vietnam was battling for ownership of South Vietnam, so that they would be a unified communist nation. To prevent the domino effect and the further spread of communism, the U.S. held on to the Truman Doctrine and stood behind the South Vietnamese leader, Diem. Kennedy and Diem were both killed in 1963 and 1964. Johnson took control of the situation by increasing the amount of money and manpower put into Vietnam. Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, giving the president full military power. After Johnson dramatically escalated the amount of soldiers in Vietnam, The North Vietnamese mounted a surprise attack during the Vietnamese new year, and this strike was called the Tet Offensive. It made America more aware of what they were up against, that the communists were capable of fierce, guerrilla warfare, unlike anything Americans had ever fought before. Images of the terror and disarray reached back home, and the U.S. began to wonder how effective their involvement in Vietnam really was. As we got further and further into the Vietnam War, few lives were untouched by grief, anger and fear. The Vietnamese suffered the worst hardship; children lay dead in the street, villages remained nothing but charred ashes, and bombs destroyed thousands of innocent civilians. Soldiers were scarred emotionally as well as physically, as The paranoia and fear of death never left them. The My Lai Massacre occurred in 1968, when the village of My Lai was completely destroyed, although it did not contain a single enemy troop. Over a hundred villagers were slaughtered. It became clearer to Americans how soldiers were losing control, and how there was no easy way to win this war. The draft took more and more people in as the years went on, and in1968 it peaked to over 500,000 soldiers involved in Vietnam. The government was so desperate for troops that even men with poor eyesight fought, and no education was needed. The people began to strike out and a revolution took place to restore peace to the nation. Some key ways to get the movement attention included student activism and anti-war messages present in songs and literature. The National Guard and other patrolmen often became violent in order to gain control of situations, and several people were killed. Growing Protest of the war caused Johnson not to run for re-election in 1968, and Nixon was elected to office. Nixons policy was called Vietnamization and called for slowly pulling troops out of Vietnam. Even while bringing these soldiers home, Nixon began to spread the war to Cambodia and Laos by bombing where several communist camps were thought to be. Protests continued until 1973, when a cease-fire was finally signed.